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NITROS-9 EOU LEVEL 2 WINDOWING SYSTEM MANUAL
2020-06-05 
Work in progress - just started formatting
NitrOS-9 EOU Level 2 Windowing System Manual
The NitrOS-9 EOU Project http://www.lcurtisboyle.com/nitros9/nitros9.html
The NirtOS-9 project: http://sourceforge.net/projects/nitros9/
The NitrOS-9 EOU Level 2 Windowing System Manual
Revision History
Revision 0.2
Date May 19, 2020
0.1
June 4, 2004
Comment Updated to reflect changes to NitrOS-9 over time and specifically to cover changes related to the EOU (“Ease of Use”) project.
Created Acknowledgements:
2004 revision by: Bob Emery and Boisy Pitre.
2020 revision additions and corrections by: L. Curtis Boyle and Jay Searle
Table Of Contents
The NitrOS-9 EOU Level 2 Windowing System Manual
NitrOS-9 EOU Level 2 Windowing System Manual.....................................................................1 Table Of Contents....................................................................................................................3 Chapter 1. The NitrOS-9 Level 2 Windowing System..................................................................5 Device Windows.......................................................................................................................6 Opening a Device Window...................................................................................................6 Overlay Windows......................................................................................................................9 Opening an Overlay Window...............................................................................................9 Chapter 2. Overview of Commands and Parameters.................................................................10 Parameters.............................................................................................................................10 Chapter 3. General Commands.................................................................................................13 Bcolor.....................................................................................................................14 BoldSw...................................................................................................................15 Border....................................................................................................................16 CWArea.................................................................................................................17 DefColr...................................................................................................................18 DfnGPBuf...............................................................................................................19 DWEnd..................................................................................................................22 DWProtSw.............................................................................................................23 DWSet...................................................................................................................24 FColor....................................................................................................................26 Font........................................................................................................................27 GCSet....................................................................................................................30 GetBlk....................................................................................................................31 GPLoad..................................................................................................................32 KilBuf.....................................................................................................................33 LSet.......................................................................................................................34 OWEnd..................................................................................................................36 OWSet...................................................................................................................37 Palette....................................................................................................................39 PropSw..................................................................................................................41 PSet.......................................................................................................................42 PutBlk....................................................................................................................45 ScaleSw.................................................................................................................46 Select.....................................................................................................................47 TCharSw................................................................................................................48 Chapter 4. Drawing Commands.................................................................................................49 Arc3P.....................................................................................................................50 Bar.........................................................................................................................51 RBar.......................................................................................................................51 Relative Draw Bar..................................................................................................51 Box.........................................................................................................................52 RBox......................................................................................................................52 Circle......................................................................................................................53 Ellipse....................................................................................................................54 FFill........................................................................................................................55 FCircle...................................................................................................................56 FEllipse..................................................................................................................57 Line........................................................................................................................58 Rline.......................................................................................................................58 LineM.....................................................................................................................59 RLineM..................................................................................................................59 Point.......................................................................................................................60 RPoint....................................................................................................................60 PutGC....................................................................................................................61 SetDPtr..................................................................................................................62 RSetDPtr................................................................................................................62 Chapter 5. Text Commands........................................................................................................63 Alphabetical Index......................................................................................................................64
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Chapter 1
The NitrOS-9 EOU Level 2 Windowing System Manual
The NitrOS-9 Level 2 Windowing System One of NitrOS-9 Level 2’s advanced features is its built-in Windowing System.
The Win- dowing System allows you to lay one or more rectangular areas, called windows, on top of your existing screen display.
These smaller areas can take up a portion of the screen, or utilize an entire screen area.
With these windows, you can watch several tasks perform at the same time.
For exam- ple, suppose you are writing a business letter using a word processor in one window.
You can go to a spreadsheet program in another window, get a price quote you need, return to the word processor, and include the price in the letter.
In yet another win- dow, a terminal program connected to a modem could be downloading a program or data file.
There are a number of options that windows give to your application and work environ- ments: they can be text only or contain a combination of text and graphics.
Separate text, drawing and background colors can be selected as well to provide a particular color style.
The ability to customize your window to suite your working environment and preferences is easy to do and puts the power of windowing at your fingertips.
The Windowing System allows as many windows as your computer's memory can sup- port, with a maximum of 32 available at one time, including overlay windows.
Support for the windowing system comes from several modules:
CoGrf – Handles the parsing of display codes for window creation and manipula-
tion.
CoWin – Performs the same functions as CoGrf, but also adds in enhanced win-
dow border and mouse control functionality (use only CoGrf or CoWin in your sys- tem, not both!)
GrfDrv – This module is located in the CMDS directory of your boot disk and is re- sponsible for carrying out the actual drawing and bitmap manipulation functions.
It is automatically loaded as needed by NitrOS-9.
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The NitrOS-9 EOU Level 2 Windowing System Manual
In NitrOS-9, there are two types of windows: device windows and overlay windows.
Device Windows A device window is one that can run a program or utility.
This is the type of window you would use in the word processor/spreadsheet example given above.
Each device win- dow acts as an individual terminal.
The device windows are designated as devices /w1 - /w15.
You open a device window as you do any other NitrOS-9 device and specify the window's parameters, including whether the window is for text or graphics.
If you want to run a process in the window, you can start an execution environment, such as a shell, on the window.
(See “Opening a Device Window,” later in this chapter, and the DWSet command in Chapter 3.)
Note: If you want only to send output to the device window without running a process in the window, do not start a shell on the window.
Device windows cannot overlay each other, and their boundaries cannot overlap.
Opening a Device Window
To open a device window, follow these steps:
1.
First, we must allocate memory for the window.
Use NitrOS-9's iniz command to
initialize window 7 in this example.
Type:
iniz /w7 ENTER
2.
Next, send an escape sequence to the window that tells it the parameters you want.
These parameters include the screen type, size, and colors.
For example:
wcreate /w7 -s=2 20 10 40 10 01 00 00 ENTER OR display 1b 20 2 14 0a 28 0a 01 00 00>/w7 ENTER
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The NitrOS-9 EOU Level 2 Windowing System Manual
sends the DWSet command escape sequence to the /w7 window.
The wcreate command insists that you use decimal numbers, while the display command can take both decimal and hexadecimal numbers.
The functions of the codes, as used in the wcreate command, are as follows:
2
20
10
40
10
01
00
00
Sets a screen type of 80 x 24 (text only)
Starts the window at character/column 20
Starts the window at line/row 10
Sets a window size of 40 characters
Sets a window height of 10 lines
Sets the foreground color to blue
Sets the background color to white
Sets the border color to white
If you do not send escape sequences, NitrOS-9 uses default descriptors for the windows.
The window size defaults are:
Window Number Term 1 2 3
Screen Type (chars/line) 40 (text) 80 (text) 80 (text) 80 (text)
Starting Position (horizontal, vertical) 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Size (columns, rows) 40,25 80,25 80,25 80,25
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The NitrOS-9 EOU Level 2 Windowing System Manual
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
80 (text) 80 (text) 80 (text) 80 (text) 80 (text) 80 (text) 80 (text) 80 (text) 80 (text) 80 (text) 80 (text) 80 (text)
0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
80,25 80,25 80,25 80,25 80,25 80,25 80,25 80,25 80,25 80,25 80,25 80,25
3.
Use NitrOS-9's shell command to fork a shell to the window.
Type:
shell i=/w7& ENTER
The i= parameter creates an immortal shell.
Creating an immortal shell protects the window and its shell from being destroyed if you accidentally exit the shell using CTRL BREAK.
You now have a window that can run its own tasks.
Information displayed in that win- dow is automatically scaled to the window's size.
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The NitrOS-9 EOU Level 2 Windowing System Manual
Overlay Windows An overlay window is a window that you open on top of a device window.
(You can place overlay windows over other overlay windows, but there must always be a device window at the bottom of the stack.) The purpose of overlay windows is to display com- puter dialog.
You cannot fork a shell to an overlay window; however, you can run a shell in an overlay window.
Overlay windows assume the screen type of the device windows they overlay.
Opening an Overlay Window
To open an overlay window, use the Overlay Window Set function.
(See OWSet in Chapter 3., “General Commands”)
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The NitrOS-9 EOU Level 2 Windowing System Manual
Chapter 2.
Overview of Commands and Parameters The windowing commands are divided among three chapters, based on their functions.
Chapter 3.
describes the general commands.
These commands let you create windows and buffers, access buffers, set switches, and maintain the window environment.
Chapter 4.
describes the drawing commands.
Besides letting you draw all kinds of im- ages (circles, ellipses, arcs, and boxes, to name a few), these commands also enable you to color areas or to fill them with patterns.
Chapter 5.
describes the text commands.
Use these commands to manipulate the text cursor and the text attributes.
Text commands operate on hardware text screens (screen types 1 and 2) and graphics windows if a font is selected.
Each command description lists the command's name, code, and parameters.
To call a Windowing System command using NitrOS-9's display command, type display, followed by the command code and the values you want to supply for the parameters.
Parameters The following is a complete list of the parameter abbreviations used in Chapters 3, 4, and 5.
All parameters represent a single byte of information.
Parameter HBX LBX HBY LBX HBXo LBXo HBYo LBYo HBR LBR
Description high order byte of x value low order byte of x value high order byte of y value low order byte of y value high order byte of x-offset value (relative) low order byte of x-offset value (relative) high order byte of y-offset value (relative) low order byte of y-offset value (relative) high order byte of radius low order byte of radius
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The NitrOS-9 EOU Level 2 Windowing System Manual
HBL LBL HSX LSX HSY LSY HBRx LBRx GRP BFN LCN PRN CTN FNM CPX CPY STY SVS
SZX SZY XDR YDR BSW
high order byte of length low order byte of length high order byte of size in x direction low order byte of size in x direction high order byte of size in y direction low order byte of size in y direction high order byte of radius in x direction low order byte of radius in x direction GET/PUT buffer group number (1-254) GET/PUT buffer number (1-255) logic code number palette register number (0-15, wraps mod 16) color table number (0-63, wraps mod 64) font number character position x (0-xmax) character position y (0-ymax) screen type save switch (0 = no save, 1 = save area under overlay) size in x (columns) size in y (rows) dimension ratio x used with YDR as YDR/XDR dimension ratio y binary switch (0 = off, 1 = on)
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Chapter 3.
General Commands The general commands let you set up and customize windows.
They also let you set up and access image buffers and select colors for the screen.
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BoldSw Bold Switch
Code: 1B 3D
Parameters: BSW
Function: Enables or disables boldfacing for text on graphics screens.
If boldface is on, the screen displays subsequent characters in bold.
If boldface is off, the screen displays subsequent characters in the regular font.
BSW = switch
00 = off (Default) 01 = on
Notes:
You can use BoldSw with any font.
Boldface is not supported on hardware text screens (screen types 1 and 2).
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Border Screen Color
Code: 1B 34
Parameters: PRN
Notes:
Function: Lets you change the palette register used for the screen border.
See the Pal- ette command for setting up the actual colors.
You set the border by selecting a palette register to use for the border register.
When the actual color is changed in the palette register selected by the com- mand, the color of the screen border changes to the new color.
In general, the border register usually matches the background palette register.
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Function: Lets you alter the working area of the window.
Normally, the system uses this call for high-level windowing, but you can use it to restrict output to a smaller area of the window.
CWArea Change Working Area
Code: 1B 25
Notes:
Parameters: CPX CPY SZX SZY
You cannot change a window's working area to be larger than the predefined-area
of the window as set by DWSet or OWSet.
All drawing and window updating commands are done on the current working area of a window.
The working area defaults to the entire size of the window.
Scaling, when in use, is also performed relative to the current working area of a window.
The CWArea command allows users to restrict the working area of a window to smaller than the full window size.
Functions that might be performed by opening a non-saved overlay window to draw or clear an image and then closing the overlay can be accomplished by using this command to shorten execution time where an actual overlay window is not needed.
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DefColr Default Color
Code: 1B 30
Parameters: None
Notes:
plays.
Function: Sets the palette registers back to their default values.
The actual values of the palette registers depend on the type of monitor you are using.
(See montype in NitrOS-9 Commands Reference.)
The default color definitions apply only to high-resolution graphics and text dis-
The system sets the palette registers to a proper compatibility mode when switch-
ing to screens using the older VDG emulation modes.
See the table below:
Window System
Color Modes
VDG-Compatible Modes
Palette 00 & 08 01 & 09 02 & 10 03 & 11 04 & 12 05 & 13 06 & 14 07 & 15
Color White Blue Black Green Red Yellow Magenta Cyan
P# Color 00 Green 01 Yellow 02 Blue 03 Red 04 Buff 05 Cyan 06 Magenta 07 Orange
P# Color 08 Black 09 Green 0A Black 0B Buff 0C Black 0D Green 0E Black 0F Orange
The SetStat call lets you change the default color palette definition when using the windowing system.
Default colors in the VDG-Compatible Mode cannot be changed.
See the NitrOS-9 Technical Reference manual for information on SetStat.
The system's default colors are used whenever you create a new window.
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DfnGPBuf Define GET/PUT Buffer
Function: Lets you define the size of the GET/PUT buffers for the system.
Once you allo- cate a GET/PUT buffer, it remains allocated until you use the KilBuf command to delete it.
NitrOS-9 allocates memory for GET/PUT buffers in 8K blocks that are then divided into the different GET/PUT buffers.
Buffers are divided into buffer groups.
Therefore, all commands dealing with GET/PUT buffers must specify both a group number and a buf- fer number within that group.
Code: 1B 29
Parameters: GRP BFN HBL LBL
Technical: The buffer usage map is as follows:
Group Number
0 1-199 200-254
255
Buffer
Number1 1-255 1-255 1-255 1-255
Use
Internal use only (returns errors) General use by applications2 Reserved Internal use only for overlay windows (returns errors)
Note: The names, buffer groups, and buffer numbers are defined in the assembly defini- tion file.
The decimal number you use to call these are in parentheses next to the name.
For example, to select the Arrow pointer, Grp_Ptr and Ptr_Arr, you use 202,1 as the group/buffer number.
The standard group numbers are defined as follows:
1 Buffer Number 0 is invalid and cannot be used.
2 The application program should request its user ID via the GETID system call to use as its group number for buffer allocation.
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Grp_Fnt(200) = font group for system fonts Fnt_S8x8(1) = standard 8×8 font Fnt_S6x8(2) = standard 6×8 font Fnt_G8x8(3) = standard graphics font
A complete list of current fonts can be found in dd/sys/fontlist.txt
The standard fonts are in the file SYS/StdFonts.
Grp_Clip(201) = clipboarding group (for Multi-Vue) Grp_Ptr(202) = graphics cursor (pointer) group
Ptr_Arr(1) = arrow pointer (hp = 0,0) Ptr-Pen(2) = pencil pointer (hp = 0,0) Ptr_LCH(3) = large cross hair pointer (hp = 7,7) Ptr_Slp(4) = sleep indicator (hourglass) Ptr_Ill(5) = illegal indicator Ptr-Txt(6) = text pointer (hp = 3,3) Ptr_SCH(7) = small cross hair pointer (hp = 3,3) hp=hit point, the coordinates of the actual point on the object at which the cursor should be centered.
The standard pointers are in the file SYS/StdPtrs.
Grp_Pat2(203) = two color patterns Grp_Pat4(204) = four color patterns Grp_Pat6(205) = sixteen color patterns Pat_Dot(1) = dot pattern Pat_Vrt(2) = vertical line pattern Pat_Hrz(3) = horizontal line pattern Pat_XHtc(4) = cross hatch pattern Pat_LSnt(5) = left slanted lines Pat_RSnt(6) = right slanted lines Pat_SDot(7) = small dot pattern Pat_BDot(8) = large dot pattern
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Each pattern is found within each of the pattern groups.
Standard patterns are in the files SYS/StdPats_2, SYS/StdPats_4, and SYS/StdPats_16.
All files have GPLoad commands imbedded in file, along with the data.
To load fonts, pointers, or patterns, simply merge them to any window device: For example:
merge SYS/StdFonts ENTER
sends the standard font to standard output which may be redirected to another device if the current output device is not a window device (such as when term is a VDG screen).
You only need to load fonts once for the entire system.
Once a GET/PUT buffer is loaded, it is available to all devices and processes in the system.
NitrOS-9 EOU Beta 2 and up specific:
By default, the EOU preloads all fonts for you, so you have access to all of
them in your programs.
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Function: Ends a current device window.
DWEnd closes the display window.
If the win- dow was the last device window on the screen, DWEnd also deallocates the memory used by the window.
If the window is an interactive window, NitrOS-9 automatically switches you to a new device window, if one is available.
DWEnd Device Window End
Code: 1B 24
Parameters: None
Notes:
DWEnd is only needed for windows that have been attached via the iniz utility or the I$Attach system call.
Non-attached windows have an implied DWEnd com- mand that is executed when you close the path.
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DWProtSw Device Window Protect Switch
Function: Disables and enables device window protection.
By default, device windows are protected so that you cannot overlay them with other device windows.
This type of protection helps avoid the possibility of destroying the contents of either or both win- dows.
Code: 1B 36
Parameters: BSW
Notes:
BSW = switch 00=off 01 = on (Default)
We recommend that you not turn off device window protection.
If you do, how- ever, use extreme discretion because you might destroy the contents of the win- dows.
NitrOS-9 does not return an error if you request that a new window be placed over an area of the screen which is already in use by an unprotected win- dow.
GShell uses this command to create an underlying, non-protected device window underneath it's resizable protected device windows, to allow you to position mul- tiple device windows on the same screen, and you can use this technique as well.
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DWSet Device Window Set
Function: Lets you define a window's size and location on the physical screen.
Use DWSet after opening a path to a device window.
Code: 1B 20
Notes:
Parameters: STY CPX CPY SZX SZY PRN1 PRN2 PRN3
PRN 1 = Foreground PRN2 = Background PRN3 = Border (if STY >= 1)
The iniz and display commands open paths to the device window.
When using DWSet in a program, you must first open the device.
If you are
changing the window type of your current window, you must issue a DWEnd first.
Output to a new window is ignored until NitrOS-9 receives a DWSet command, unless defaults are present in the device descriptor (/w1-/w15).
If defaults are present in the device descriptors, NitrOS-9 automatically executes DWSet, using those defaults.
When NitrOS-9 receives the DWSet command, it allocates memory for the win-
dow, and clears the window to the current background color.
If the standard font is already in memory, NitrOS-9 assigns it as the default font.
If the standard font is not in memory, you must execute a font set (Font) command after loading the fonts to produce text output on a graphics window.
If you do not have a font loaded, all characters will show as periods '.'
Use the Screen Type code (STY) to define the resolution and color mode of the new screen.
If the screen type code is zero, NitrOS-9 opens the window on the process's currently selected screen.
If the code is 255 ($FF), NitrOS-9 opens the window on the currently displayed screen.
If the code is non-zero, NitrOS-9 allo- cates a new screen for the window.
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The following describes the acceptable screen types:
Colors
Memory
Type
Code 255 00 01 02 05 06 07 08
Screen Size Current Displayed Screen3 Process's Current Screen 40 x 25 80 x 25 640 x 200 320 x 200 640 x 200 320 x 200
8 & 8 8 & 8 2 4 4 16
2000 4000 16000 16000 32000 32000
Text Text Graphics Graphics Graphics Graphics
Note: The GIME has a bug and will only show 199 lines in modes 05-08, but the 200th line is there and will show up when scrolling upwards.
The location of the window on the physical screen is determined by the diagonal
line defined by:
(CPX,CPY) and (CPX + SZX, CPY + SZY)
The foreground, background, and border register numbers (PRN1, PRN2, and
PRN3) define the palette registers used for the foreground and background col- ors.
See the Palette command in this chapter for more information.
When an implicit or explicit DWSet command is done on a window, the window
automatically clears to the background color.
All windows on the screen must be of the same type (either text or graphics).
Values in the palette register affect all windows on the screen.
However, you can choose which register to use for foreground and background for each window.
That is, NitrOS-9 maintains palette registers and border register numbers for the entire screen and foreground and background registers numbers for each individ- ual window.
NitrOS-9 deallocates memory for a screen when you terminate the last window
on that screen.
3 Use the Current Displayed Screen option only in procedure files to display several win- dows on the same physical screen.
All programs should operate on that process' current screen.
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FColor Foreground Color
Code: 1B 32
Parameters: PRN
Function: Lets you select a color palette register for the foreground color.
See the Palette command for setting the actual colors.
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Font Select Font
Code: 1B 3A
Parameters: GRP BFN
Notes:
Function: Lets you select/change the current font.
Before you can use this command, the font must be loaded into the specified GET/PUT group and buffer (using GPLoad).
See the GPLoad command for information on loading font buffers.
You can select proportional spacing for the font by using PropSw.
All font data is a 2-color bit map of the font.
Each character in the font data consists of 8 bytes of data.
The first byte defines the top scan line, the second byte defines the second scan line, and so on.
The high-order bit of each byte defines the first pixel of the scan line, the next bit de- fines the next pixel, and so on.
For example, the letter “A” would be represented like this:
Byte $10 $28 $44 $44 $7C $44 $44 $00
Pixel Representation .
.
.
# .
.
.
.
.
.
# .
# .
.
.
.
# .
.
.
# .
.
.
# .
.
.
# .
.
.
# # # # # .
.
.
# .
.
.
# .
.
.
# .
.
.
# .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Note that 6×8 fonts ignore the last 2 bits per byte.
For fonts with 128 characters or less, the fonts are ordered with characters in the
following ranges:
$00-$1F $20-$7F
International characters (see mapping below) Standard ASCII characters
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International characters or any characters in the font below character $20 (hex) are printed according to the following table:
Character position in font
Char2
$00 $01 $02 $03 $04 $05 $06 $07 $08 $09 $0A $0B $0C $0D $0E $0F $10 $11 $12 $13 $14 $15 $16 $17 $18 $19 $1A $1B $1C $1D $1E $1F
Char1 or $C1 $C2 $C3 $C4 $C5 $C6 $C7 $C8 $C9 $CA $CB $CC $CD $CE $CF $D0 $D1 $D2 $D3 $D4 $D5 $D6 $D7 $D8 $D9 $DA $AA $AB $AC $AD $AE $AF
$E1 $E2 $E3 $E4 $E5 $E6 $E7 $E8 $E9 $EA $EB $EC $ED $EE $EF $F0 $F1 $F2 $F3 $F4 $F5 $F6 $F7 $F8 $F9 $FA $BA $BB $BC $BD $BE $BF
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For 224 character fonts, Character positions $00 to $1F in the font map to character codes $E0 to $FF, and character positions $20 to $DF are the same character code as their position.
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GCSet Graphics Cursor Set
Code: 1B 39
Parameters: GRP BFN
Notes:
cursor.
Function: Creates a GET/PUT buffer for defining the graphics cursor that the system dis- plays.
You must use GCSet to display a graphic cursor.
To turn off the graphics cursor, specify GRP as 00.
A system standard buffer or a user-defined buffer can be used for the graphics
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GetBlk Get Block
Code: 1B 2C
Function: Saves an area of the screen to a GET/PUT buffer.
Once the block is saved, you can put it back in its original location or in another on the screen, using the PutBlk com- mand.
Parameters: GRP BFN HBX LBX HBY LBY HSX LSX HSY LSY
HBX/LBX = x-location of block (upper left corner) HBY/LBX = y-location of block HSX/LSX = x-dimension of block HSY/LSY = y-dimension of block
Notes:
The GET/PUT buffer maintains information on the size of the block stored in the
buffer so that the PutBlk command works more automatically.
If the GET/PUT buffer is not already defined, GetBlk creates it.
If the buffer is de- fined, the data must be equal to or smaller than the original size of the buffer.
Original OS-9 Level 2 had a limit of not being able to do a GetBlk that was the full
width of the screen.
This is fixed in NitrOS-9.
NitrOS-9 EOU Beta 4 and up specific:
You are now allowed to use GetBlk/PutBlk with hardware text screens.
When doing this, you specify the X,Y start positions and sizes by character, not pixel.
You can also get and put between windows, but the window types and sizes currently MUST be the same type and size.
It will also currently wrap on the right hand side to one line lower on the left side.
It is recommended, for your own programs, to use the group number that corre- sponds to your process ID, so that you don't overwrite another programs buffers by accident.
Since some older programs do not clean up buffers themselves, you may also want to do a KilBuf for your group number with buffer 0 (Kill all get/put buffers) at the start of your program.
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GPLoad GET/PUT Buffer Load
Function: Preloads GET/PUT buffers with images that you can move to the screen later, using PutBlk.
If the GET/PUT buffer is not already created, GPLoad creates it.
If the buffer was previously created, the size of the passed data must be equal to or smaller than the original size of the buffer.
Otherwise, GPLoad truncates the data to the size of the buffer.
Parameters: GRP BFN STY HSX LSX HSY LSY HBL LBL (Data…)
STY = format HSX/LSX = x-dimension of stored block HSY/LSY = y-dimension of stored block HBL/LBL = number of bytes in data
Code: 1B 2B
Notes:
Buffers are maintained in a linked list system.
Buffers to be used most should be allocated last to minimize the search time in
finding the buffers.
When loading a Font GET/PUT Buffer, the parameters are as follows:
GRP BFN STY HSX LSX HSY LSY HBL LBL (Data…)
GRP = 254 (note: not enforced, but HIGHLY recommended) STY = 5 HSX/LSX = x-dimension size of Font (6 or 8) HSY/LSY = y-dimension size of Font (8) HBL/LBL = size of first data (not including this header information)
See the Font command for more information on font data.
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Function: Deallocates the buffer specified by the group and buffer number.
To deallo- cate the entire group of buffers, set the buffer number to 0.
KilBuf Kill GET/PUT Buffer
Code: 1B 2A
Parameters: GRP BFN
Notes:
KilBuf returns memory used by the buffer to a free list.
When an entire block of
memory has been put on the free list, the block is returned to the system.
It is recommended that you use the same group number as your process ID num- ber, so that you don't change get/put buffers in other processes.
It is also recom- mended that you Kill the entire group at the start of your program, since some older programs did not clean up buffers after they were exited.
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LSet Logic Set
Code: 1B 2F
Parameters: LCN
Function: Lets you create special effects by specifying the type of logic used when stor- ing data, which represents an image, to memory.
The specified logic code is used by all draw commands until you either choose a new logic or turn off the logic operation.
To turn off the logic function, set the logic code to 00.
LCN = logic code number
00 = No logic code; store new data on screen 01 = AND new data with data on screen 02 = OR new data with data on screen 03 = XOR new data with data on screen
Notes:
The following tables summarize logic operations in bit manipulations:
AND
Result
OR
Result
First Operand 1 1 0 0
First Operand 1 1 0 0
Second Operand 1 0 1 0
Second Operand 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0
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XOR
Result
First Operand 1 1 0 0
Second Operand 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
Data items are represented as palette register numbers in memory.
Since logic is performed on the palette register number and not the colors in the registers, you should choose colors for palette registers carefully so that you obtain the desired results.
You may want to choose the colors for the palette registers so that LSet appears to and, or, and xor the colors rather than the register numbers.
For exam- ple:
Palette # 0 1 2 3
Color White Blue Black Green
Alternative Order Black Blue Green White
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OWEnd Overlay Window End
Code: 1B 23
Parameters: None
Function: Ends a current overlay window.
OWEnd closes the overlay window and deallo- cates memory used by the window.
If you opened the window with a save switch value of hexadecimal 01, NitrOS-9 restores the area under the window.
If you did not, NitrOS- 9 does not restore the area and any further output is sent to the next lower overlay win- dow or to the device window, if no overlay window exists.
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OWSet Overlay Window Set
Function: Use OWSet to create an overlay window on an existing device window.
Ni- trOS-9 reconfigures current device window paths to use a new area of the screen as the current logical device window.
Code: 1B 22
Parameters: SVS CPX CPY SZX SZY PRN1 PRN2
SVS = save switch
00 = Do not save area overlayed , nor clear it.
01 = Save area overlayed and restore at close
PRN1 = foreground palette register PRN2 =background palette register
Notes:
If you set SVS to zero, any writes to the new overlay window destroy the area un- der the window.
You might want to set SVS to zero if your system is already using most of its available memory.
You might also set SVS to zero whenever it takes relatively little time to redraw the area under the overlay window once it is closed.
If you have ample memory, specify SVS as 1.
Doing this causes the system to save the area under the new overlay window.
The system restores the area when you terminate the new overlay window.
(See OWEnd.)
The size of the overlay window is specified in standard characters.
Use the same resolution (number of characters) as the device window that will reside beneath the overlay window.
Have your program determine the original size of the device window at startup (using the SS.ScSiz GETSTAT call), if the device window does not cover the entire screen.
See the NitrOS-9 Technical Reference manual for in- formation on the SS.ScSiz GETSTAT call.
Overlay windows can be created on top of other overlay windows; however, you can only write to the top most window.
Overlay windows are “stacked” on top of each other logically.
To get back down to a given overlay, you must close (OWEnd) any overlay windows that reside on top of the desired overlay window.
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Stacked overlay windows do not need to reside directly on top of underlying over- lay windows.
However, all overlay windows must reside within the boundaries of the underlying device window.
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Palette Change Palette
Code: 1B 31
Parameters: PRN CTN
Notes:
Function: Lets you change the color associated with each of the 16 palette registers.
Changing a palette register value causes all areas of the screen using that palette register to change to the new color.
In addition, if the border is set to that palette register, the border color also changes.
See the Border command for more infor- mation.
Colors are made up by setting the red, green, and blue bits in the color byte which
is inserted in the palette register.
The bits are laid out as follows:
Bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Color Blue low Green low Red low Blue high Green high Red high unused unused
By using six bits for color (2 each for red, green and blue) there is a possibility of 64 from which to choose.
Some of the colors are defined as shown:
White Black Standard Blue Standard Green Standard Red
: 00111111 = $3F (all color bits set) : 00000000 = $00 (no color bits set) : 00001001 = $09 (both blue bits set) : 00010010 = $12 (both green bits set) : 00100100 = $24 (both red bits set)
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• These colors are for RGB monitors.
The composite monitors use a different color coding and do not directly match pure RGB colors.
To get composite color from the RGB colors, the system uses conversion tables.
The colors were assigned to match the RGB colors as close as possible.
There are, however, a wider range of composite colors, so the colors without direct matches were assigned to the clos- est possible match.
The white, black, standard green, and standard orange are the same in both RGB and composite.
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Function: Enables and disables the automatic proportional spacing of characters.
Nor- mally, characters are not proportionally spaced.
PropSw Proportional Switch
Code: 1B 3F
Parameters: BSW
Notes:
spaced.
BSW = switch
00 = off (Default) 01 = on
Any standard software font used in a graphics screen can be proportionally
Proportional spacing is not supported on hardware text screens.
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PSet Pattern Set
Code: 1B 2E
Parameters: GRP BFN
Notes:
Function: Selects a preloaded GET/PUT buffer as a pattern RAM array.
This pattern is used with all draw commands until you either change the pattern or turn it off by passing a parameter of 00 as GRP (Group Number).
The pattern array is a 32 x 8 pixel representation of graphics memory.
The color
mode defines the number of bits per pixel and pixels per byte.
So, be sure to take the current color mode into consideration when creating a pattern array.
The GET/PUT buffer can be of any size, but only the number of bytes as described
by the following table are used:
Color Mode Size of Pattern Array 2 4 16
4 bytes x 8 = 32 bytes (1 bit per pixel) 8 bytes x 8 = 64 bytes (2 bits per pixel) 16 bytes x 8 = 128 bytes (4 bits per pixel)
The buffer must contain at least the number of bytes required by the current color mode.
If the buffer is larger than required, the extra bytes are ignored.
To turn off patterning, set GRP to 00.
The following example creates a two color pattern of vertical lines.
A two color pattern is made up of 1’s and 0’s.
The diagram below shows the bit set pattern (note that one pixel is equal to one bit):
10101010101010101010101010101010 10101010101010101010101010101010 10101010101010101010101010101010 10101010101010101010101010101010 10101010101010101010101010101010 10101010101010101010101010101010
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10101010101010101010101010101010 10101010101010101010101010101010
When the binary for the 2×8 pixel data is compressed into byte data, notice that each row consists of four bytes of data.
The pattern now looks like this:
$55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55 $55
$55 = 01010101
To load the pattern in the system, use the GPLoad command.
To load this particu- lar pattern into Group 2 and Buffer 1, the command would be:
display 1b 2b 02 01 00 20 00 08 00 20 55 55 … 55
32 times
number
of
bytes
(32)
y
size
of
pattern
(8)
x size
of
pattern
(32)
buffer number
group number
GPLoad command
When making a pattern using four colors, a pixel is made up of two bits instead of one.
This means that the pattern consists of 64 bytes instead of 32.
The diagram below shows the bit set pattern for the same vertical pattern using 4 colors:
1100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100 1100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100 1100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100 1100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100 1100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100 1100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100 1100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100 1100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100
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When the binary for the 4×8 pixel data is compressed into byte data, notice that each row consists of 8 bytes of data.
The pattern now looks like this:
$CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC $CC
$CC = 11001100
To load the pattern in the system, use the GPLoad command as described for the 2 color example, but specify $40 (64) bytes instead of $20 (32).
When making a pattern using 16 colors, a pixel is made up of four bits instead of
one.
This means that the pattern consists of 128 bytes.
Each line in the bit pattern would look like this:
11110000…(repeat pattern for 16 total sets)…11110000
When the binary for the 8×8 pixel data is compressed into byte data, the pattern is a series of $F0.
To load the pattern in the system, use the GPLoad command and specify $80 (128) bytes as the size.
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PutBlk Put Block
Code: 1B 2D
Notes:
Function: Moves a GET/PUT buffer, previously copied from the screen or loaded with GPLoad, to an area of the screen.
Parameters: GRP BFN HBX LBX HBY LBY
HBX/LBX = x-location of block (upper left corner) HBY/LBY = y-location of block
The dimensions of the block were saved in the GET/PUT buffer when you created
it.
NitrOS-9 uses these dimensions when restoring the buffer.
The screen type conversion is automatically handled by the PutBlk routine in the driver.
Please note that PutBlk will slow down noticeably if screen type conversion is required.
GET/PUT buffers cannot be scaled.
The image will be clipped if it does not fit
within the window.
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ScaleSw Scale Switch
Code: 1B 35
Parameters: BSW
Notes:
a figure and text.
coordinates:
Scaling enabled:
Function: Disables and enables automatic scaling.
Normally, automatic scaling is en- abled.
When scaling is enabled, coordinates refer to a relative location in a window that is proportionate to the size of the window.
When scaling is disabled, coordinates passed to a command will be the actual coordinates for that type of screen relative to the origin of the window.
BSW = switch 00 = off 01 = on (Default)
A useful application of disabled scaling is the arrangement of references between
All coordinates are relative to the window's origin (0,0).
The valid range for the
y = 0-199 for 25 line screens
0-191 for 24 lines or less screens
x = 0-639
Scaling disabled:
y = 0-size of y - 1 x = 0-size of x - 1
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Function: Causes the current process's window to become the active (display) window.
You can select a different window by using the form:
display 1B 21>/wnumber
where number is the desired window number.
If the process that executes the select is running on the current interactive (input/display) window, the selected window be- comes the interactive window, and the other window becomes passive.
Select Window Select
Code: 1B 21
Parameters: None
Notes:
The keyboard is attached to the process's selected window through the use of the CLEAR key.
This lets you input data from the keyboard to different windows by using the CLEAR key to select the window.
All display windows that occupy the same screen are also displayed.
The device window that owns the keyboard is the current interactive window.
The interactive window is always the window being displayed.
Only one process may receive input from the keyboard at a time.
Many processes may be changing the output information on their own windows; however, you can only see the infor- mation that is displayed on the interactive window and any other window on the same screen as the interactive window.
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TCharSw Transparent Character Switch
Function: Defines the character mode to be used when putting characters on the graph- ics screens.
In the default mode (transparent off), the system uses block characters that draw the entire foreground and background for that cell.
When in transparent mode, the only pixels that are changed are the ones where the character actually has pixels set in its font.
When transparent mode is off, all pixels in the character block are set: foreground or font pixels in the foreground color and others in the background color.
NitrOS-9 EOU Beta 2 and up specific:
Now works on hardware text screens.
This will allow you to change
the foreground color, underline and blink attributes while leaving the background color alone.
Code: 1B 3C
Parameters: BSW
BSW = switch
00 = off (Default) 01 = on
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Chapter 4.
Drawing Commands All drawing commands relate to an invisible point of reference on the screen called the draw pointer.
Originally, the draw pointer is at position 0,0.
You can change the position by using the SetDPtr and RSetDPtr commands described in this chapter.
In addition, some draw commands automatically update the draw pointer.
For example, the LineM command draws a line from the current draw pointer position to the specified end coordinates and moves the draw pointer to those end coordinates.
The Line command draws a line but does not move the pointer.
Also, note that all draw commands are affected by the pattern and logic commands described in Chapter 3.
Do not confuse the draw pointer with the graphics cursor.
The graphics cursor is the graphic representation of the mouse/joystick position on the screen.
In this chapter, commands that use relative coordinates (offsets) are listed with their counterparts that use absolute coordinates.
For example, RSetDPtr is listed with Set- DPtr.
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Arc3P Draw Arc
Code: 1B 52
Notes:
Function: Draws an arc with its midpoint at the current draw pointer position.
You spec- ify the curve by both the X and Y dimensions, as you do an ellipse.
In this way, you can draw either elliptical or circular arcs.
The arc is clipped by a line defined by the (X01,Y01) - (X02,Y02) coordinates.
These coordinates are signed 16 bit values and are relative to the center of the ellipse.
The draw pointer remains in its original position.
Parameters: HBRx LBRx HBRy LBRy HX01 LX01 HY01 LY01 HX02 LX02 HY02 LY02
The resulting arc depends on the order in which you specify the line coordinates.
Arc3P first draws the line from Point 1 to Point 2 and then draws the ellipse in a clockwise direction.
The coordinates of the screen are as follows:
-X
+X
-Y
+Y
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Function: Draws and fills a rectangle that is defined by the diagonal line from the cur- rent draw pointer position to the specified position.
The box is drawn in the current foreground color.
The draw pointer returns to its original location.
Bar Draw Bar
Code: 1B 4A
Parameters: HBX LBX HBY LBY
RBar Relative Draw Bar
Function: Draws and fills a rectangle that is defined by the diagonal line from the cur- rent draw pointer to the point specified by the offsets.
The box is drawn in the current foreground color.
The draw pointer returns to its original location.
This is a relative com- mand.
Code: 1B 4B
Parameters: HBXo LBXo HBYo LBYo
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Function: Draws and fills a rectangle that is defined by the diagonal line from the cur- rent draw pointer position to the specified position.
The box is drawn in the current foreground color.
The draw pointer returns to its original location.
Box Draw Box
Code: 1B 48
Parameters: HBX LBX HBY LBY
RBox Relative Draw Box
Function: Draws and fills a rectangle that is defined by the diagonal line from the cur- rent draw pointer point specified by the offsets.
The box is drawn in the current fore- ground color.
The draw pointer returns to its original location.
This is a relative com- mand.
Code: 1B 48/1B 49
Parameters: HBX LBX HBY LBY/HBXo LBXo HBYo LBYo
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Circle Draw Circle
Code: 1B 50
Parameters: HBR LBR
Function: Draws a circle of the specified radius with the center of the circle at the cur- rent draw pointer position.
The circle is drawn in the current foreground color.
The draw pointer remains in its original location.
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Ellipse Draw Ellipse
Function: Draws an ellipse with its center at the current draw pointer position.
The X value specifies the horizontal radius, and the Y value specifies the vertical radius.
The el- lipse is drawn in the current foreground color.
The draw pointer remains in its original location.
This is a relative command.
Code: 1B 51
Parameters: HBRx LBRx HBRy LBRy
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FFill Flood Fill
Code: 1B 4F
Parameters: None
Function: Fills the area where the background is the same color as the draw pointer.
Fill- ing starts at the current draw pointer position, using the current foreground color.
The draw pointer returns to its original location.
This is a relative command.
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FCircle Draw filled circle
Code: 1B 53
Parameters: HBR LBR
Function: Draws a filled circle of the specified radius with the center of the circle at the current draw pointer position.
The filled circle is drawn in the current foreground color.
The draw pointer remains in its original location.
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FEllipse Draw Filled Ellipse
Function: Draws an filled ellipse with its center at the current draw pointer position.
The X value specifies the horizontal radius, and the Y value specifies the vertical radius.
The filled ellipse is drawn in the current foreground color.
The draw pointer remains in its original location.
This is a relative command.
Code: 1B 54
Parameters: HBRx LBRx HBRy LBRy
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Function: Draws a line from the current draw pointer position to the specified point, us- ing the current foreground color.
The draw pointer returns to its original location.
Line Draw Line
Code: 1B 44
Parameters: HBX LBX HBY LBY
Rline Relative Draw Line
Function: Draws a line from the current draw pointer position to the point specified by the x,y offsets, using the current foreground color.
The draw pointer returns to its origi- nal location.
This is a relative command.
Code: 1B 45
Parameters: HBXo LBXo HBYo LBYo
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Function: Draws a line from the current draw pointer position to the specified point, us- ing the current foreground color.
The draw pointer stays at the new location.
LineM Draw Line and Move
Code: 1B 46
Parameters: HBX LBX HBY LBY
RLineM Relative Draw Line and Move
Function: Draws a line from the current draw pointer position to the point specified by the offsets, using the current foreground color.
The draw pointer stays at the new loca- tion.
This is a relative command.
Code: 1B 47
Parameters: HBXo LBXo HBYo LBYo
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Point Draw Point
Code: 1B 42
Parameters: HBX LBX HBY LBY
RPoint Relative Draw Point
Code: 1B 43
Parameters: HBXo LBXo HBYo LBYo
Function: Draws a pixel at the specified coordinates, using the current foreground color.
Function: Draws a pixel at the location specified by the offsets, using the current fore- ground color.
This is a relative command.
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PutGC Put Graphics Cursor
Code: 1B 4E
Parameters: HBX LBX HBY LBY
Function: Puts and displays the graphics cursor at the specified location.
The coordi- nates passed to this command are not window relative.
The horizontal range is 0 to 639.
The vertical range is 0 to 191.
The default position is 0,0.
This command is useful for applications running under CoGrf so that you can display a graphics cursor even if you don't want mouse control of the cursor.
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Function: Sets the draw pointer to the specified coordinates.
The new draw pointer po- sition is used as the beginning point in the next draw command if other coordinates are not specified.
Function: Sets the draw pointer to the specified in the offsets.
The new draw pointer po- sition is used as the beginning point in the next draw command if other coordinates are not specified.
This is a relative command.
SetDPtr Set Draw Pointer
Code: 1B 40
Parameters: HBX LBX HBY LBY
RSetDPtr Relative Set Draw Pointer
Code: 1B 41
Parameters: HBXo LBXo HBYo LBYo
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Chapter 5.
Text Commands
The text commands let you control the cursor's position and movement and also the way text prints on the display.
These commands can be used on either text or graphics windows.
Code
Description
01 02
03 04 05 20 05 21 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 1F 20 1F 21 1F 22 1F 23 1F 24 1F 25 1F 30 1F 31 1B 3C BSW 1B 3D BSW 1B 3F BSW
Homes the cursor.
Positions cursor to X/Y.
Specify coordinates as (x + $20) and (y + $20).
Erases the current line.
Erases from the current character to the end of the line.
Turns off the cursor.
Turns on the cursor.
Moves the cursor right one character.
Rings the bell.
Moves the cursor left one character.
Moves the cursor up one line.
Moves the cursor down one line.
Erases from the current character to the end of the screen.
Erases the entire screen and homes the cursor.
Sends a carriage return.
Turns on reverse video Turns off reverse video Turns on underlining.
Turns off underlining.
Turns on blinking.
Turns off blinking.4 Inserts a line at the current cursor position.
Deletes the current line.
See TCharSw5 See BoldSw in Chapter 36 See PropSw in Chapter 36
4 Blink is not supported for text on graphics screens.
5 See TCharSw description for how this works between hardware text and graphics
screens.
6 These characteristics are supported for text on graphics screens only.
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The NitrOS-9 EOU Level 2 Windowing System Manual
Alphabetical Index
Arc3P…………………………………………………………………………………………………….50 Bar………………………………………………………………………………………………………..51 BoldSw……………………………………………………………………………………………..15, 63 Border…………………………………………………………………………………………16, 24, 39 box……………………………………………………………………………………………………..51p.
Box………………………………………………………………………………………………………..52 circle………………………………………………………………………………………………..53, 56 Circle……………………………………………………………………………………………………..53 CWArea…………………………………………………………………………………………………17 DefColr…………………………………………………………………………………………………..18 device window……………………………………………………………..6, 9, 22pp., 36pp., 47 Device Window……………………………………………………………………………….6, 22pp.
DfnGPBuf……………………………………………………………………………………………….19 DWEnd………………………………………………………………………………………………….22 DWProtSw……………………………………………………………………………………………..23 DWSet…………………………………………………………………………………….6p., 17, 24p.
ellipse………………………………………………………………………………………….50, 54, 57 Ellipse………………………………………………………………………………………………54, 57 FCircle…………………………………………………………………………………………………..56 FColor……………………………………………………………………………………………………26 FFill……………………………………………………………………………………………………….55 fill…………………………………………………………………………………………10 Fill…………………………………………………………………………………………………………55 font…………………………………………………………10p., 15, 20p., 24, 27pp., 32, 41, 48 Font…………………………………………………………………………………………….24, 27, 32 GCSet……………………………………………………………………………………………………30 GetBlk……………………………………………………………………………………………………31 GPLoad……………………………………………………………………………..21, 27, 32, 43pp.
GrfDrv……………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 GrfInt………………………………………………………………………………………………….5, 61 KilBuf………………………………………………………………………………………….19, 31, 33 line………………………………………………………..7, 20, 25, 27, 44, 46, 49pp., 58p., 63 Line……………………………………………………………………………………………….49, 58p.
LineM……………………………………………………………………………………………….49, 59 LSet……………………………………………………………………………………………………34p.
overlay window……………………………………………………………………………9, 17, 36p.
Overlay Window………………………………………………………………………………..9, 36p.
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The NitrOS-9 EOU Level 2 Windowing System Manual
OWEnd……………………………………………………………………………………………….36p.
OWSet………………………………………………………………………………………….9, 17, 37 Palette………………………………………………………………………14, 16, 18, 25p., 35, 39 Point…………………………………………………………………………………………………50, 60 PropSw……………………………………………………………………………………….27, 41, 63 PSet………………………………………………………………………………………………………42 PutBlk……………………………………………………………………………………………31p., 45 PutGC……………………………………………………………………………………………………61 RBar………………………………………………………………………………………………………51 RBox……………………………………………………………………………………………………..52 Relative Draw Box…………………………………………………………………………………..52 Relative Draw Line…………………………………………………………………………………..58 Relative Draw Line and Move……………………………………………………………………59 Relative Draw Point…………………………………………………………………………………60 Relative Set Draw Pointer…………………………………………………………………………62 Rline………………………………………………………………………………………………………58 RLineM………………………………………………………………………………………………….59 RPoint……………………………………………………………………………………………………60 RSetDPtr…………………………………………………………………………………………..49, 62 ScaleSw…………………………………………………………………………………………………46 Select……………………………………………………………………………………………….27, 47 SetDPtr…………………………………………………………………………………………….49, 62 system……………………………………………………..5, 17pp., 30, 32p., 37, 40, 43p., 48 System………………………………………………………………………………………1, 5, 10, 18 TCharSw………………………………………………………………………………………………..48 WindInt…………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
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RTS
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